Ice Beam
Definitely the most standard Ice type move for a reason
STAB will give you 135 power, so it makes the most sense. Along with a critical hit, you have a power of 203.
Frost Breath
First off, if you're playing in Gen 6, critical hits are 1.5x, not 2x anymore, meaning along with STAB and a critical hit you get a power of 135. Also some Pokemon have an ability that prevents critical hits, like you mentioned, so you're left with a measly power of 90 along with STAB. Not to mention the 90 accuracy, which is not bad, but Ice Beam is better.
Blizzard
The accuracy is too low to risk missing a move. Unless you have Hail up or a Pokemon with Snow Warning, I'd recommend not using it. Although, it is pretty useful in Doubles and Triples.