Abilities that raise stats when damaged
Berserk - When HP drops below 50%, Special Attack is raised
Justified - When hit by a damaging Dark type move, Attack is raised
Rattled - When hit by a damaging Bug, Ghost, or Dark type move, Speed is raised
Stamina - When hit by an attack, Defense is raised
Weak Armor - When hit by a physical move, Defense is lowered and Speed is raised
Abilities that boost move power when damaged
Blaze - Power of Fire moves is boosted by 1.5x when below 33% of maximum HP
Overgrow - Power of Grass moves is boosted by 1.5x when below 33% of maximum HP
Swarm - Power of Bug moves is boosted by 1.5x when below 33% of maximum HP
Torrent - Power of Water moves is boosted by 1.5x when below 33% of maximum HP
"Low HP" is subjective, so I opted to include all Abilities that raise a stat when the Pokemon is damaged. There are other Abilities that indirectly result in damage, like Flare Boost (50% boost to Speed when burned) and Abilities that boost stats when other Pokemon are damaged/knocked out (such as Moxie and Soul-Heart), but those aren't quite the same.
Please tell me if I missed any.