I was curious and wanted to know about all the moves positively and negatively affected by weather and terrain. I don't mean any Water- or Fire-type moves that get boosted in the sun or rain. I mean a move like Thunder that gets boosted accuracy in the rain or Grassy Glide gets priority in Grassy Terrain.
Harsh Sunlight
Boosts the amount of HP Synthesis, Moonlight, and Morning Sun heal.
Thunder and Hurricane have just 50% accuracy.
Solar Beam and Solar Blade become one-turn moves.
From Generation 5 onwards, Growth boosts Attack and Special Attack sharply.
Sandstorm
Rain - Thunder and Hurricane get perfect accuracy.
Hail
Aurora Veil fails if used without hail active.
Blizzard gets perfect accuracy.
In Diamond and Pearl, Blizzard has a 30% chance to hit through Protect or Detect when used in hail.
Hail, Sandstorm, and Rain
Morning Sun, Synthesis, and Moonlight restore less HP.
Solar Beam and Solar Blade have their power halved.
All weathers
Source
Electric Terrain
All sleep moves fail.
Rising Voltage's power doubles.
Grassy Terrain
Halves damage taken from Bulldoze, Earthquake, and Magnitude.
Grassy Glide has increased priority.
Floral Healing restores more HP.
Misty Terrain
Grounded Pokemon take half damage from Dragon moves.
Misty Explosion's power increases by 50%.
Grounded Pokemon can't be affected by status conditions.
From Generation 7 onwards, grounded Pokemon can't be afflicted with confusion.
Psychic Terrain
Grounded Pokemon are immune to priority moves.
Expanding Force's power is doubled and hits all opponents.
All terrains
Terrain Pulse doubles power and changes type based on active Terrain.
Steel Roller only works when a Terrain is active.
Nature Power turns into a different move depending on the Terrain.
Secret Power's effects differ based on the active Terrain.
Camouflage changes the user's type based on the active Terrain.
Defog, Splintered Stormshards, and G-Max Wind Rage clear the active Terrain.
Hope I helped!